Johns Hopkins Television Programs
1948-1960

Original Broadcast Date: 1950 November 21

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Abstract : The program opens with a film visit to the National Institutes of Health labs in Bethesda, MD. Dr. Thomas Tomlinson, tropical disease specialist with NIH, explains the life cycle of schistosomes via snails to humans. Dr. Willard Wright describes the charateristics of the disease and shows Centers for Disease Control films of victims of the parasite. He also explains how U.S. troops fighting in the South Pacific could bathe in infested streams and bring the parasite to the U.S. unless they use chemical repellants on their clothing and body. Dr. Eloise Cram describes her team's search for a U.S. snail that could serve as a host for schistosomiasis. The NIH schistosomiasis snail study collection from around the world is displayed. Dr. Mabelle Nolan describes her research for developing a safe chemical compound to pour into waterways to kill snails on a large scale, and she demonstrates how this works.

Original Broadcast Date: 1950 December 5

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Abstract : Lynn Poole invites members of the Federal Communications Committee, meeting in Washington, DC for hearings on the use of television as an educational medium, to watch this program as a practical example of how educational institutions can bring educational programs to the American people. This is the first public showing and demonstration of a combination of x-ray photography and fluoroscopy picked up by a television receiving tube, affording both dynamic and clear internal views of patients. The equipment was constructed at The Johns Hopkins University with funds from the U.S. Public Health Service and developed by Dr. Russell H. Morgan. Dr. Morgan shows and explains the dim images of a standard fluoroscope and the static x-rays of a chest, colon, and kidney produced on a radiographic table to compare the strengths and weaknesses of each procedure. With physicist Ralph Sterm at the controls and assisted by Vernon Bowers, Ed Custer, and Roy Collier, Dr. Morgan then demonstrates his new invention, which amplifies images 300-3,000 times, and x-rays the movement of the chest and hand of Joan Hunter for viewers to see. Finally, in the first live television, inter-city diagnosis, Dr. Paul C. Hodges, at the University of Chicago, and Dr. Waldron Sennott, at the U.S. Marine Hospital in New York, observe the x-ray/fluoroscopy images broadcast on their televisions and consult with Dr. David Gould, at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, and together diagnose and prescribe treatment for a patient, machine operator James Carter, who has metal particles clearly lodged in his chest and possibly his lungs.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 January 9

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Abstract : Lynn Poole defines an atom from the Greek word meaning "indivisible." Dr. Donald H. Andrews explains an oxygen molecule with the use of a model and demonstrates how pure oxygen causes combustion when it ignites either ethyl alcohol or octane. He also replicates hydrogen combustion, and he heats iodine crystals until they become a gas. Finally Dr. Andrews shows how knowledge of atoms and molecules can build new things for better living, such as the creation of aspirin from a basic benzine ring of molecules.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 January 16

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Abstract : The program begins with a tour of the Children's Hospital School of Baltimore, Maryland. Dr. Raymond Lenhard describes the symptoms of poliomyelitis, or infantile paralysis, and treatment of the disease. In the exercise room, physical therapist Henry Kendall demonstrates the muscle test for fingers and shoulders and explains how patients progress from simple to complex exercises. Patients are shown using crutches and leg braces, resting in the rocking bed, and doing underwater exercises in the treatment pool. "Iron lung" respirators are demonstrated and explained. Lynn Poole interviews two patients who recovered from polio, and he alludes to research being done in polio immunization.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 January 23

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Abstract : This program deals with why and how volcanoes erupt. At the time of the program, both Mt. Etna in Italy and Mt. Lamington in New Guinea were erupting. Dr. Chapman explains how some areas are more prone to volcanic activity and earthquake shocks than other areas because of the earth's crust. He shows a map of this "ring of fire." A film documents the eruption of Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii. Using a plaster model and cross section of Mt. Vesuvius volcano, Mr. Poole explains how a volcano erupts. Dr. Chapman shows specimens of a variety of lava rocks, including pumice and obsidian. Mr. Poole tells the story of Madame Pele, Hawaiian goddess of fire, and explains how black sand is created. Finally, a film of Paricutin, the newest volcano, in Mexico, is shown.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 January 30

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Abstract : Technical difficulties in the beginning of this program reduce the broadcast by nearly nine minutes. Dr. Sleight describes discriminability tests and experiments with hundreds of people to determine the best geometric shapes and sizes to use for such common items as knobs and highway signs. The idea is to fit the machine to the man for safety and efficiency. Mr. Poole offers the example of how knob sizes and shapes in an automobile help him distinguish wipers from headlights.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 February 6

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Abstract : Drs. Ted Byerly and Wade Brant, with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, in Beltsville, MD, discuss nutrition research on eggs and poultry. Dr. Brant demonstrates how diluted B-12 is injected into eggs for improved growth and vigor in the resulting poultry. He and Dr. Byerly explain the grade labels on egg cartons, including size determination, and they demonstrate a candling device to determine the quality of eggs. Marge Holloway, a home demonstration agent in Baltimore, fries eggs to show the differences in high and low quality eggs. In other experiments, the rooster of the dark Cornish breed, having quality meat, was bred with the Columbia hen, known for high egg production, to produce the cross breed Silver Cornish, which lays eggs, produces healthy chicks, and has improved carcass quality. Dr. Byerly compares chicken carcasses for meat quality, and he explains the National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP). A film promotes the NPIP's mission and its benefits for raising healthy, thrifty chicks.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 February 13

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Abstract : The program opens with the TV Guide citation and medal awarded to The Johns Hopkins Science Review, the first university program on the air, for its outstanding educational programming. Mortimer Loewi, Director of the DuMont Network; Kenneth Carter, general station manager of WAAM; and P. Stewart Macaulay, provost of The Johns Hopkins University, express thanks to TV Guide and pay tribute to the scientists who make the shows possible. Dr. John Spence demonstrates heart percussion, developed in 1761 by L. Auenbrugger, to outline the position and shape of the heart, which can now be done by x-ray. Dr. Francis Schwentker uses a model of the heart and a water pump to demonstrate heart activity and uses diagrams of the heart to explain the route of blood circulation, which is also shown on a human model. With the use of the heart model and diagrams, Dr. Schwentker explains the problems caused by congenital heart malformations (and the blue baby operation by Drs. Taussig and Blalock to correct it), rheumatic fever, high blood pressure, and coronary heart disease. He then demonstrates how the heart functions are studied with percussion and x-ray, stethoscope (including the recorded sound of both normal and heart murmur beats), blood pressure monitoring, electrocardiogram (shown for both normal and abnormal hearts), heart catheters, and angiograms (with an x-ray of the procedure). Finally Dr. Schwentker notes the different ways heart problems are being prevented by surgery on malformations, antibiotics to prevent recurrences of rheumatic fever, administration of the "wonder drug" ACTH to retard rheumatic fever damage, ongoing research on the heart, and seeking and taking the advice of physicians. An ad at the end of the show encourages viewers to contribute to their local heart fund during Heart Month.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 February 20

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Abstract : Lynn Poole opens the program by announcing that Johns Hopkins Science Review has won the 1950 TV Forecast Award. To celebrate the 75th anniversary of Johns Hopkins University, this program highlights the university's scientific contributions since 1976. Featured professors include James J. Sylvester, a mathematician who devised formulas used by physicists; Harmon N. Morse, a chemist researching how osmotic pressures govern the behavior of chemical solutions; Dr. William Henry Welch, pathologist who researched diphtheria and hog cholera; Dr. William S. Halsted, who used cocaine as an anaesthetic and was the first surgeon to require wearing of rubber gloves; Dr. William Osler, physician in internal medicine who developed a new method of correlating medical research with clinical studies; Dr. Howard A. Kelly, surgeon in gynecology; Dr. Franklin Mall, pathologist in anatomy and embryology; Dr. John Jacob Abel, professor of pharmacology who developed the concept of an artificial kidney; Dr. William Howell, physician who researched controlling heartbeat rate and clotting of blood; Dr. William Sydney Thayer, physician studying malaria and typhoid; Dr. Henry Rowland, physicist who developed diffraction gratings; Dr. Walter Dandy, brain surgeon who discovered a way to x-ray the brain; and Dr. Russell Morgan, physician who combined the x-ray with the fluroscope. Additional scientific contributions include those developed in the Hopkins Applied Physics Lab: the radio proximity fuse (credited with winning the Battle of the Bulge and hastening the end of the Pacific war) and exploration of the upper atmosphere with a camera (developed by Clyde Holiday) capable of shooting photos of the earth from 78 miles up. The president of Johns Hopkins, Dr. Detlev W. Bronk, concludes the program with a few comments on the importance of scientific research, explaining how curiosity for and exploration of the unknown, drives the scientist to discover new facts about our world through observation and experimentation.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 February 27

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Abstract : Mr. Poole answers the question, yes, there is science in art, especially in the restoration and preservation of art. Ms. Packard shows an eighteenth century painting heavily coated with varnish. She demonstrates the cleaning of it with solvents as Mr. Kirby explains the process and describes the return of the painting's original colors and clarity. Mr. Kirby uses various tools to preserve a wooden statue obscured with dirt, varnish, and paint while Ms. Packard describes the process. Dr. Freeman shows how the surface of a bronze statue can be cleaned and restored using electrolysis to remove encrustation and prevent further spread of bronze disease. Several restored objects from the Walters Art Gallery's collection are shown, such as a sixteenth century wooden statue, a church altar, a fifteenth century Spanish painting on wood, a landscape by Sisley, and a Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington. Mr. Poole emphasizes that the science of preservation is a highly skilled process and should not be tried at home. Finally a painting by Pontormo is x-rayed and restored to reveal a child that had been covered by additional paint. Mr. Poole misidentifies the child as Cosimo de Medici, but the painting is entitled, "Portrait of Maria Salviati with a Little Girl" (thought to be Giulia de Medici).

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 March 6

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Abstract : This program details how fossils of prehistoric organisms show the characteristics of ice age life and the earth's geologic past. A film by Princeton University professor Glenn L. Getson shows paleontologists at work excavating a site in the western U.S. Dr. Cooper discusses Indiana limestone, composed of microscopic shells, and research on reef limestone in west Texas. Dr. Dunkle briefly discusses Great Bone Lake, where Ice Age mammals bogged down, fossils from Rancho-La Brea Pitch Pools in California, Chesapeake Bay fossils, and Ice Age woolly mammals. Mr. Poole describes the Explorers' Club dinner where members sampled meat from an Alaskan Ice Age mammal. Dr. Delo describes the Ice Age's line of glaciation in the U.S. and runs Dr. William Reed's film of the glacial deposit zone in Michigan. He then shows a piece of tree root determined to be 11,000 years old by carbon-14 dating method.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 March 13

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Abstract : Despite initial on-air technical difficulties, the program shows the work of a field archaeologist in recreating the history of a site. Dr. Young explains a site drawing and exhibits the types of artifacts likely to be discovered in various parts of the site. He also explains that Roman coins are often discovered in non-Roman sites because of the Roman antiquarian excavators. Dr. Rowell describes comparative archaeology and how it is used to establish and confirm dates and civilizations. After a brief history of the Etruscan civilization, mentioning Herodotus and Lasa, Dr. Young exhibits a pitcher and tomb paintings, noting their Etruscan characteristics. Dr. Rowell analyzes ancient documents, including inscriptions and epitaphs, papyrus rolls, and Coptic script on wood. Finally, a student shows how life in Imperial Rome can be studied by examining articles from a Roman woman's dressing table, all items in Johns Hopkins University's Archaeology Museum study collection.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 March 20

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Abstract : Telegrams from educators and scholars mark the third anniversary of the Johns Hopkins Science Review. Dr. Abel Wolman summarizes the history of methods of acquiring pure water and the science of sanitary engineering. Chlorine was discovered to be a reliable and practical chemical to use to kill water-borne bacteria. Dr. Wolman also shows a film of microscopic organisms and silt in water and discusses the decline of typhoid fever. Dr. Wolman and his colleagues use both animated films and models of a water filtration plant and a sewage treatment plant to explain the water purification processes.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 March 27

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Abstract : Lynn Poole discusses the work of an industrial hygienist and notes that although there are many aspects of industrial hygiene, this program focuses on atmospheric contamination and its remediation. Dr. Anna M. Baetjer describes dusts (especially silica dust) and solvents (especially carbon tetrachloride) and the research being done to determine their effect on human workers. Charles E. Couchman, a Baltimore city industrial hygienist, demonstrates how carbon monoxide testing can be done with an instrument. Hopcalyte, developed at Johns Hopkins University and University of California, is used to reduce carbon monoxide levels. Allen D. Brandt, an engineer for Bethlehem Steel, shows photographs of exhaust systems at local industries and the collection and removal of particulate matter.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 April 3

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Abstract : This program defines biological warfare, its basis being what has happened experimentally with animals and accidentally with people, such as the Q fever epidemic. Dr. Langmuir, from the Communicable Disease Center in Atlanta, describes how an attack might contaminate air with infectious material or water supplies with contaminants spread throughout the distribution center. He also enumerates the agencies and organizations included in the public health safety net. Norman Kiefer of the Federal Civil Defense Administration suggests that we need better sampling and lab methods, vaccines, and investigation procedures to combat communicable diseases. The viewers were urged not to spread rumors but rather to request the pamphlet "What You Should Know About Biological Warfare."

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 April 10

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Abstract : This program explores the characteristics of normal cells and how they become cancerous. Illustrations and films of live cells show normal cell division and abnormal cell division and the differences between their structures. Another film illustrates neoplasia, the changes cells undergo when they become cancerous. Dr. George Gey shows photos of malignant cells under a microscope, and he discusses the influence of viruses on cancer cells produced in a jar. This will lead to the development of viruses and other organisms that will be able to kill cancer cells without harming normal cells.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 April 17

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Abstract : Lynn Poole opens the show by welcoming two new cities receiving the program, Rock Island, IL (WHBF-TV) and Omaha, NE (KN-TV). Dr. Reed continues with the definition epidemic theory: each disease has its own epidemiology although some, like malaria, are more complex than others. Historically, Dr. William Farr, of Great Britain, developed the smallpox and the cattle plague epidemic theories. Using measles as an example, Dr. Reed creates a mathematical expression of an epidemic to show the person-to-person transfer of the disease. Using diagrams, he shows how an encounter can make a susceptible person a new case who after recovery becomes an immune person. The epidemic equation would be St (the number of people susceptible to the disease over time) multiplied by 1 minus qct (the probability of a person with the disease meeting a susceptible person) equals Ct+1 (cases over time). The theory is then tested against experience. Dr. Reed also sets up an experiment demonstrating the random contact of contagious and susceptible people using colored beads in a simple machine. He concludes that the best control of an epidemic is isolation of cases from susceptibles and immunization of the susceptibles.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 May 1

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Abstract : A pre-program announcement is made that The Johns Hopkins Science Review series has just received the George Foster Peabody Television Award. Dr. Renn then explains how water is used in manufacturing processes and shows water samples from before and after industrial use. He demonstrates the action of soils on waste purification and explains how algae on stones also metabolize organic material to purify water. However, Dr. Renn also shows how concentration of waste in water varies, causing some streams to be overwhelmed by pollution discharge. He exhibits good organisms, such as mayfly nymphs and snails, clinging to rocks of a healthy stream and slime on stones in heavily polluted water. Charles Schrader, a biologist with American Viscose Corporation in Front Royal, VA, tests the tolerance of the freshwater flea daphnia magna for pollution to determine the effect of industrial wastes. Renn's Johns Hopkins University colleagues Thomas Smyth, Jr. and Reid Paramour demonstrate an apparatus for studying the effects of controlled concentrations of waste on fish in several aquaria simultaneously. Mr. Poole announces at the end that this program is being recorded at the request of UNESCO to be sent to France as a sample of the series.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 May 8

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Abstract : Dermatologist Maurice Sullivan discusses the benefits of sunlight in treating some diseases; however, he notes that many diseases are caused by or aggravated by the sun. He shows a light spectrum chart and draws a diagram of the layers of the skin as they would appear under a microscope and then explains the effects different wavelengths have on the biologic activity of the skin. Ultraviolet rays, not filtered out by the stratum corneum, create the first stage of sunburn. Dr. Sullivan explains how tanning occurs then compares the stratum corneum depth and pigment of five studio models with different skin types. He shows a graph of major U.S. cities and skin cancer cases, which parallel the hours of sunlight and exposure in different geographic locations. To protect against sun damage, Dr. Sullivan recommends limiting exposure to the sun; using drugs such as quinine, zinc oxide, etc.; reapplying protective creams; and being aware of environmental conditions that filter or reflect the sun's rays.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 May 15

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Abstract : Dr. Arthur K. Parpart and Dr. Lesley E. Flory explain and demonstrate the operation of the television microscope developed by RCA Labs and Princeton University. Its advantages over an electronmicroscope include a wavelength selectivity that includes ultraviolet, higher contrast without staining organisms, and the ability to see cells in motion at high magnification. A group of students watch cell division in a hyacinth root tip on this television microscope and also the inner and outer motions of a paramecium.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 May 29

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Abstract : Dr. Dethier explains his research for the perfect insect repellent. He discusses and gives examples of the five qualities of a perfect repellent: odorless, inexpensive, non-toxic, cosmetically acceptable, and effective for extended periods of time. Using a diagram of a blowfly's anatomy, Dr. Dethier explains how the flies are used in repellent research. Then using a series of actual flies, their wings waxed to sticks, Dr. Dethier puts the feet of the fly successively into sugar water, .01% glycol and sugar, and .1% glycol and sugar to observe the fly's reaction. The result is generally the average of a 100-fly test. Dr. Dethier then shows how one can predict the feasibility of some chemical compounds as repellents by their composition. He constructs a graph and, using aldehydes, plots the repellent effect in relation to the size of the compound's molecules.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 June 5

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Abstract : Host Lynn Poole reviews highlights of programs from the past year: "Freezing the Atom" (10/10/50) shows how atoms are slowed down and the development of the bolometer; "Electronics at Work in a Vacuum"(10/25/50) describes the development of the vacuum tube and the principles behind it, using puffed wheat in a jar as an example; "Your Questions About Science" (12/26/50) explains and demonstrates atomic chain reaction or nuclear fission using mouse traps and sugar cubes; "The Unbreakable Laws of the Universe" (1/2/51) explains the physical laws governing all things: inertia, action and equal reaction, conservation of motion, gravity, and atmospheric pressure; "Fight Against Polio" (1/16/51) filmed at the Children's Hospital in Baltimore, MD, shows how polio victims are being strengthened and restored to a normal life; "Don't Take Your Heart for Granted" (2/13/51) describes what the heart is, what can happen to it, and how to take care of it; "Archaeology: Key to the Past" (3/13/51) looks at the work of archaeologists and their study of the lost civilization of the Etruscans; "Cancer Will Be Conquered" (4/10/51) features Dr. Gey describing the differences between normal and cancerous cells and showing a magnified, live view of the separation of normal and abnormal human cells; "Is There Science in Art?" (2/27/51) reveals the science of cleaning varnish and dirt from old paintings at the Walters Art Gallery and the art of using x-rays and ultraviolet light to restore old paintings to their original intent. Poole also thanks the studio staff and mentions other favorite programs: "Fear" (103/50), "X-Ray, the Super Sleuth" (12/5/50), "Stream Pollution" (5/1/51), "Don't Drink That Water" (3/20/51), "Schistosomiasis" (11/21/50), and "Magnificent Microscope" (5/15/51).

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 June 12

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Abstract : The program shows a film produced by the Documentary Company for the Federal Security Agency, U. S. Public Health Service. It is the dramatic story of a ten-year-old boy with rheumatic heart disease and the use of the hormonal compound ACTH, a drug developed from a pituitary hormone of pigs, to improve his near fatal condition. Van Slyke describes ACTH, how it works, and how it's manufactured, and stresses that it is still a tool for research, not a cure-all.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 July 10

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Abstract : Dr. Corwin explains that the test tube is a window into chemical reactions, such as the evolution of a gas or a precipitate. He also shows various scientific instruments for chemistry research. Using chlorophyll as an example, Dr. Corwin describes the importance of this pigment, shows a model of the molecule, and demonstrates the process of purification of plant material for study of chlorophyll's chemical structure. He concludes that the synthetic creation of chlorophyll is still problematic. Dr. Corwin also looks at hemoglobin in the test tube and describes and demonstrates its function and how it reacts in relation to living processes.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 July 17

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Abstract : This program discusses planting and harvesting methods at Johns Hopkins University's Laboratory of Climatology at Seabrook Farms in New Jersey. Dr. Thornthwaite shows a variety of peas grown there in experimental gardens and the differences in their days to maturity as compared to the seed catalog's estimate. A film details the quality control lab at Seabrook Farms and features the tenderometer, used to determine the tenderness of a crop as part of an index for peak harvest. As a result of his research, Dr. Thornthwaite developed the planting slide rule, which shows the relationship of a vegetable's growth unit to the climatic calendar. Another film shows how the climatic calendar works on large scale planting and harvesting by following a pea harvest through processing, packaging, and freezing. Finally, Dr. Thornthwaite shows five samples of peas taken from differenct fields at different times to determine further that the growth index is accurate.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 July 24

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Abstract : Dr. Glass discusses the blood types A, B, AB, and O and demonstrates how antibodies in their plasma react to antigens of other types causing the red cells to clump. He then explains how experiments with Rhesus monkeys resulted in the 1939 discovery of the Rh factor. Dr. Elsa Johns extracts blood from members of the same family and demonstrates the procedure for determining Rh type by using either a centrifuge or test tubes and revealing the results on slides. Dr. Glass answers the family's questions about the implications of their various blood types, and he discusses how blood incompatibility may cause a Rh negative pregnant woman to produce hemolytic disease in her newborn.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 July 31

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Abstract : Mr. Brubeck, a safety specialist from the American Automobile Association, administers the required driving test to a Maryland State Health Department employee. Various simulations and machines assess the driver's vehicle knowledge, reaction time, steadiness, depth perception, eyesight acuity, and field of vision. The 25-question written test and the road test could not be shown on this program. In concluding, Mr. Poole notes that the August 1951 Redbook Magazine has an article on The Johns Hopkins Science Review series.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 September 11

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Abstract : Lynn Poole introduces this program by showing photos of early Wright brothers' planes, a Martin 404, and a rocket. Clyde Holliday, a senior engineer at Johns Hopkins' Applied Physics Lab, describes the Aerobee sounding rocket, developed by Aerojet Engineering Corp. in cooperation with the Navy's Bureau of Ordnance. Holliday shows a diagram of the 1,000 lb., 20-foot Aerobee as he explains its specifications and component parts. A film details a typical Aerobee preparation and take-off at White Sands proving ground in New Mexico. Holliday displays a still camera, installed in two rockets, that photographed one picture every two seconds of the upper atmosphere. Several photos from 70 miles up create a 1,400-mile panorama of the U.S. southwest. The camera is justified as a means to determine the rocket's position in space for properly reading data, to obtain meteorological data, and to perform long-range reconnaissance. Holliday also developed a 35mm motion picture camera that records views on either side of the rocket. He displays the internal workings of the movie camera in operation, a lens from the camera, and a motion picture taken by the camera. A film captures the preparation and launching of a V-2 rocket, including Holliday inserting the camera into the rocket. Camera views of the earth from 78 miles up reveal the curvature of the earth, the Gulf of California, and other distinctive landmarks.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 September 18

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Abstract : This program tells the story of the Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution, the men who drafted the document, the printing of it, and its travels between states under adverse conditions, including its transference to Fort Knox during World War II. Finally, Dr. Herbert Putnam, Librarian of Congress, asked for construction of a display case. On Constitution Day, September 17, 1951, the Constitution and Declaration of Independence were finally sealed in helium in an airtight glass envelope. Film clips show the ceremony and speakers, including President Harry S. Truman, Senator Theodore F. Green of Rhode Island, Chief Justice Fred M. Vincent, and Rev. Frederick Brown Harris, chaplain of Congress. The National Bureau of Standards developed the method for preservation after researching conditions promoting deterioration of parchment, and a reconstruction of their preservation process is explained.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 September 25

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Abstract : This program takes place during the meeting of the American Roentgen Ray Society in Washington, DC, where new developments in X-ray technology are exhibited. After Lynn Poole explains x-rays' discovery by William Roentgen (1895), their definition, and their use, Dr. Russell Morgan interviews three scientists from the conference. Dr. E.S. Gurdjian, a Wayne State University radiologist, describes types of automobile accidents and shows how x-rays can demonstrate the severity of skull fractures at different speeds. Dr. Wallace Tirman, of Caylor Nichol Institute in Bluffton, Indiana, demonstrates a technique for using fine-grain film to make x-rays viewable under a microscope. These microradiographs show thin slices of body tissue for analysis on a diffraction x-ray unit. Dr. Jeffrey P. Moore, of Temple University Hospital in Philadelphia, shows that inserting a needle into a patient's back and injecting an opaque material is a more direct method for x-raying the spinal column to diagnose cartilage problems.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 October 2

1 digital betacam videocassette (30 min.) : sd., b&w ; 1/2 in.

1 VHS videocassette (30 min.) : sd., b&w ; 1/2 in.

Abstract : Telemetering is defined as measuring physical quantities on a dial ("metering") at a distance ("tele"), such as atmospheric explorations with a weather balloon and a radio transmitter. Rockets carry 2-watt transmitters the size of a cigarette pack into the upper atmosphere to measure fuel consumption, oil pressure, air speed, altitude, cosmic ray intensity, and the magnitude of the earth's magnetic field. Mr. Riblet explains and illustrates how FM FM radio telemetering works. After playing a tape recording of the actual telemetering system in transmission from a rocket, Mr. Riblet shows a film of the receiving process of that transmission. The information received is used by the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory to develop guided missiles for the Navy Bureau of Ordinance and to determine how these missiles perform. At the conclusion of the program, Lynn Poole announces that the current issue of TV Show has a story about The Johns Hopkins Science Review TV program. He also points out that starting next week, the show moves to Monday nights at 8:30 p.m.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 October 8

1 digital betacam videocassette (30 min.) : sd., b&w ; 1/2 in.

1 VHS videocassette (30 min.) : sd., b&w ; 1/2 in.

Abstract : John Lehman, a glassblower at Johns Hopkins University, demonstrates and explains how to turn glass as it heats, pull points, blow bulbs, insert sidearms into bulbs, and make a glass coil. His creation of glass scientific apparatus is made to specification and exactness for university research labs.